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人类在火星上登陆的一个主要障碍已经被克服：钻探水源。_我的网站

一 | 据《北京时间》1月9日报道，第一批登上火星的宇航员面临的最大障碍之一是缺水。人们需要水来喝，农作物需要水来生长，甚至制造火箭燃料返回地球。因此，缺乏可用的液态水是人类登陆火星的主要障碍。

二 | 但是火星上有很多冰。    MUMBAI, India -- IOC president Thomas Bach was urged by its members on Sunday to change Olympic rules on term limits and seek four more years as president.Bach’s presidency is due to end in 2025 – a 12-year maximum agreed in anti-corruption reforms passed after the Salt Lake City bid scandal broke in the 1990s.However, citing the recent years of global crises, several of the 99 International Olympic Committee members opened their annual meeting Sunday suggesting they needed more of Bach's leadership that started in 2013.The Olympic movement needed “to go through this period of torment with a president who has proved his mettle,” African sports leader Mustapha Berraf said.“We really need to be able to rely on the leadership you have shown,” said IOC member Luis Mejia Oviedo of the Dominican Republic.Though Bach has never publicly sought a term limit-busting third mandate, the option has been spoken of in international sports circles since he was re-elected in 2021 at a meeting held remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. The IOC gives its president a first term of eight years.“I cannot hide how that went straight to my heart,” Bach told IOC members of their praise at its annual meeting being held in Mumbai.Bach cautioned the presidential term limit is enshrined in the IOC’s book of rules and principles. “I’m very loyal to the Olympic Charter,” the German lawyer said. “Being a co-author of this Olympic Charter drives me to be even more loyal.”Extending Bach’s term would need a proposal submitted ahead of an annual meeting, known as the Session. The next is scheduled in July in Paris on the eve of the 2024 Summer Games.Only one IOC member has publicly spoken about a possible leadership bid: World Athletics president Sebastian Coe, a two-time Olympic champion in the 1,500 meters, head of the 2012 London Olympics organizing committee and a former elected lawmaker in the British parliament.Coe turns 70 in September 2026, the year his IOC membership should expire, and a 2025 election should be his only option.A diplomatically expressed counter to extending Bach’s term was suggested by gymnastics federation president Morinari Watanabe, who has been speculated as a possible IOC leadership candidate.“You guided us all that sports organizations must follow rules and have high integrity under good governance,” Watanabe suggested. “Sports demonstrate discipline and the spirit of fairness to society.”“I love you, Mr President Thomas Bach,” the Japanese official said, “because I believe you are a correct person.”Bach replied: “Thank you for your love.”—-AP Olympics: https://apnews.com/hub/2024-paris-olympic-games。美国宇航局的一项新研究表明，我们可以在冰上钻孔，以获得足够的水来维持火星上的人类生命。

三 | 去年，在火星表面下发现了冰川，这一重大发现为第一批宇航员登陆火星提供了“取之不尽，用之不竭”的水。研究人员说，在火星上的8个地方发现了地下冰川，有些位于地表以下几英尺（1米）的深处，还有一些位于地表以下100米或更深处。研究人员分析了火星勘测轨道飞行器收集的数据，发现地下冰川的成分“几乎是纯冰”。美国宇航局的一项研究模拟了钻冰和融化冰从冰川中取水的过程。德克萨斯州航空航天公司（Aerospace Corporation）的高级执行官斯蒂芬霍夫曼（Stephen Hoffman）领导的研究人员说：“火星表面曾经有很多水，但现在人们一致认为火星表面非常干燥。几项研究表明，火星的许多地方都有丰富的水资源，包括那些被认为是人类在火星上登陆的替代着陆点的地方。如果这些水资源可以用于载人登陆火星，那么执行这些任务的方式将发生巨大变化。研究小组考虑使用一个名为罗德井的水库，这个水库是在20世纪60年代发明的，并被用于在偏远地区提供水源，例如阿蒙森-斯科特南极勘测站。研究小组写道：“对现有的从地下冰川中提取水的技术进行评估，我们发现了一种可以从火星中提取水的技术：在火星冰川覆盖的表面上钻孔，加热冰以形成地下水库。

四 | ”罗德井的原理是从表面钻孔，钻孔进入冰中，通过融化冰形成一个水库，然后从水库中提取水。

五 | 通过不断加热储液罐，可以获得稳定的液态水。

六 | 在火星上，一口罗德井一天能产生380升的水。这相当于美国人每天人均用水量，但大约是国际空间站宇航员用水量的10倍。研究人员说，火星探测器可以改装成具有钻井能力。根据最近在《科学》杂志上发表的一篇文章，尽管冰在火星上早已为人所知，但更好地了解冰的深度和分布对于未来载人登陆火星至关重要。

七 | 亚利桑那大学月球和行星实验室的研究员肖恩·伯恩说：“水对任何地方的人来说都是必不可少的，随身携带是非常不方便的。

八 | ”“以前，我们设想在火星上获取水的方法是从空气或岩石中获取水，”伯恩说。现在，我们想象从火星表面以下的冰中获取水。不需要高科技的解决方案，只要一桶水就够了。水源靠近火星上的人类登陆点，而不是极地。火星南半球和北半球有地下冰川，纬度在55到58度之间。研究人员认为，这些冰川形成相对较晚，因为其表面相对平坦，没有受到其他天体撞击形成的撞击坑。冰川靠近极地地区，火星上的冬天非常寒冷，不适合人类长期生存。但是，如果能在这些冰川上钻一口井，研究人员将对火星气候的演变和生命的可能性有一个很好的了解。

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